Deborah L. Brake

Analyzes the controversy over the U.S. Department of Education's directive to colleges and universities to use a preponderance of the evidence standard in adjudicating allegations of sexual assault.

Discusses an incident in which a male high school wrestler achieved fame by refusing to wrestle a girl at the state championship. Uses this event as a vehicle for exploring masculinities in sport. Concludes with a discussion of how Title IX might intervene to change the norms of masculinity in men's sports.

Discusses and defends the recent Supreme Court pregnancy discrimination decision in Young v. UPS. Argues that the Court's approach in that case - using unjustified impact to infer intentional discrimination - is a good model for reconstructing pay discrimination claims. 

Provides a theoretical grounding for treating protection from retaliation as implicit in a ban on discrimination. Critiques various points in the doctrine where the case law departs from this understanding of retaliation.

Advocates stricter limits on the "factor other than sex" defense to the Equal Pay Act so that courts scrutinize the business justifications for the factor asserted in defense of a pay disparity.

Provides a comprehensive account and justification of Title IX's approach to gender inequality in intercollegiate and interscholastic athletics.